Build RAG Chatbot with LangChain, Zilliz Cloud, Google Vertex AI Claude 3.7 Sonnet, and Nomic Nomic Embed

Introduction to RAG

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a game-changer for GenAI applications, especially in conversational AI. It combines the power of pre-trained large language models (LLMs) like OpenAI’s GPT with external knowledge sources stored in vector databases such as Milvus and Zilliz Cloud, allowing for more accurate, contextually relevant, and up-to-date response generation. A RAG pipeline usually consists of four basic components: a vector database, an embedding model, an LLM, and a framework.

Key Components We'll Use for This RAG Chatbot

This tutorial shows you how to build a simple RAG chatbot in Python using the following components:

LangChain: An open-source framework that helps you orchestrate the interaction between LLMs, vector stores, embedding models, etc, making it easier to integrate a RAG pipeline.
Zilliz Cloud: a fully managed vector database-as-a-service platform built on top of the open-source Milvus, designed to handle high-performance vector data processing at scale. It enables organizations to efficiently store, search, and analyze large volumes of unstructured data, such as text, images, or audio, by leveraging advanced vector search technology. It offers a free tier supporting up to 1 million vectors.
Google Vertex AI Claude 3.7 Sonnet: Google Vertex AI Claude 3.7 Sonnet: Google’s Vertex AI integrates Claude 3.7 Sonnet, bringing advanced NLP capabilities to the Google Cloud ecosystem. It supports the creation and deployment of secure, customized language models with high precision in natural language understanding and generation. Ideal for enterprises looking to leverage AI for chatbots, document processing, and AI-assisted customer interactions with a focus on scalability and cloud-native solutions.
Nomic Nomic Embed: Nomic Embed is an advanced AI model designed for generating high-dimensional embeddings that capture semantic relationships within textual data. Its strengths lie in providing robust text representation, enabling superior performance in natural language understanding tasks such as information retrieval, sentiment analysis, and recommendation systems. Ideal for applications in content personalization and knowledge discovery, Nomic Embed streamlines the process of deriving insights from large datasets.

By the end of this tutorial, you’ll have a functional chatbot capable of answering questions based on a custom knowledge base.

Note: Since we may use proprietary models in our tutorials, make sure you have the required API key beforehand.

Step 1: Install and Set Up LangChain

%pip install --quiet --upgrade langchain-text-splitters langchain-community langgraph

Step 2: Install and Set Up Google Vertex AI Claude 3.7 Sonnet

pip install -qU "langchain[google-vertexai]"

# Ensure your VertexAI credentials are configured

from langchain.chat_models import init_chat_model

llm = init_chat_model("claude-3-7-sonnet@20250219", model_provider="google_vertexai")

Step 3: Install and Set Up Nomic Nomic Embed

pip install -qU langchain-nomic

import getpass
import os

if not os.environ.get("NOMIC_API_KEY"):
  os.environ["NOMIC_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass("Enter API key for Nomic: ")

from langchain_nomic import NomicEmbeddings

embeddings = NomicEmbeddings(model="nomic-embed-text-v1")

Step 4: Install and Set Up Zilliz Cloud

pip install -qU langchain-milvus

from langchain_milvus import Zilliz

vector_store = Zilliz(
    embedding_function=embeddings,
    connection_args={
        "uri": ZILLIZ_CLOUD_URI,
        "token": ZILLIZ_CLOUD_TOKEN,
    },
)

Step 5: Build a RAG Chatbot

Now that you’ve set up all components, let’s start to build a simple chatbot. We’ll use the Milvus introduction doc as a private knowledge base. You can replace it with your own dataset to customize your RAG chatbot.

import bs4
from langchain import hub
from langchain_community.document_loaders import WebBaseLoader
from langchain_core.documents import Document
from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
from langgraph.graph import START, StateGraph
from typing_extensions import List, TypedDict

# Load and chunk contents of the blog
loader = WebBaseLoader(
    web_paths=("https://milvus.io/docs/overview.md",),
    bs_kwargs=dict(
        parse_only=bs4.SoupStrainer(
            class_=("doc-style doc-post-content")
        )
    ),
)

docs = loader.load()

text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=1000, chunk_overlap=200)
all_splits = text_splitter.split_documents(docs)

# Index chunks
_ = vector_store.add_documents(documents=all_splits)

# Define prompt for question-answering
prompt = hub.pull("rlm/rag-prompt")


# Define state for application
class State(TypedDict):
    question: str
    context: List[Document]
    answer: str


# Define application steps
def retrieve(state: State):
    retrieved_docs = vector_store.similarity_search(state["question"])
    return {"context": retrieved_docs}


def generate(state: State):
    docs_content = "\n\n".join(doc.page_content for doc in state["context"])
    messages = prompt.invoke({"question": state["question"], "context": docs_content})
    response = llm.invoke(messages)
    return {"answer": response.content}


# Compile application and test
graph_builder = StateGraph(State).add_sequence([retrieve, generate])
graph_builder.add_edge(START, "retrieve")
graph = graph_builder.compile()

Test the Chatbot

Yeah! You've built your own chatbot. Let's ask the chatbot a question.

response = graph.invoke({"question": "What data types does Milvus support?"})
print(response["answer"])

Example Output

Milvus supports various data types including sparse vectors, binary vectors, JSON, and arrays. Additionally, it handles common numerical and character types, making it versatile for different data modeling needs. This allows users to manage unstructured or multi-modal data efficiently.

Optimization Tips

As you build your RAG system, optimization is key to ensuring peak performance and efficiency. While setting up the components is an essential first step, fine-tuning each one will help you create a solution that works even better and scales seamlessly. In this section, we’ll share some practical tips for optimizing all these components, giving you the edge to build smarter, faster, and more responsive RAG applications.

LangChain optimization tips

To optimize LangChain, focus on minimizing redundant operations in your workflow by structuring your chains and agents efficiently. Use caching to avoid repeated computations, speeding up your system, and experiment with modular design to ensure that components like models or databases can be easily swapped out. This will provide both flexibility and efficiency, allowing you to quickly scale your system without unnecessary delays or complications.

Zilliz Cloud optimization tips

Optimizing Zilliz Cloud for a RAG system involves efficient index selection, query tuning, and resource management. Use Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW) indexing for high-speed, approximate nearest neighbor search while balancing recall and efficiency. Fine-tune ef_construction and M parameters based on your dataset size and query workload to optimize search accuracy and latency. Enable dynamic scaling to handle fluctuating workloads efficiently, ensuring smooth performance under varying query loads. Implement data partitioning to improve retrieval speed by grouping related data, reducing unnecessary comparisons. Regularly update and optimize embeddings to keep results relevant, particularly when dealing with evolving datasets. Use hybrid search techniques, such as combining vector and keyword search, to improve response quality. Monitor system metrics in Zilliz Cloud’s dashboard and adjust configurations accordingly to maintain low-latency, high-throughput performance.

Google Vertex AI Claude 3.7 Sonnet Optimization Tips

In a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) setup with Google Vertex AI Claude 3.7 Sonnet, focus on fine-tuning the model to your domain-specific data for enhanced response accuracy. Use Vertex AI’s integrated tools to scale document retrieval, ensuring that your knowledge base is well-structured and efficiently indexed. Adjust retrieval parameters such as embedding vectors and similarity thresholds to improve the relevance of documents pulled into the generation process. Monitor response times and reduce latency by optimizing batch processing and utilizing Google Cloud’s low-latency storage. Additionally, regularly test and adjust hyperparameters like temperature and top-p to balance response creativity with factual correctness.

Nomic Nomic Embed optimization tips

To optimize the Nomic Nomic Embed component in a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) setup, focus on fine-tuning your embedding model with domain-specific data to enhance contextual relevance. Implement efficient indexing strategies, such as using FAISS or Annoy, to speed up retrieval times without compromising accuracy. Experiment with dimensionality reduction techniques, like PCA or t-SNE, to decrease computational load while retaining essential semantic information. Regularly clean and preprocess your corpus to eliminate noise and improve embedding quality. Lastly, monitor embedding drift over time and update your embeddings periodically to ensure they reflect the latest knowledge in your target domain.

By implementing these tips across your components, you'll be able to enhance the performance and functionality of your RAG system, ensuring it’s optimized for both speed and accuracy. Keep testing, iterating, and refining your setup to stay ahead in the ever-evolving world of AI development.

RAG Cost Calculator: A Free Tool to Calculate Your Cost in Seconds

Estimating the cost of a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipeline involves analyzing expenses across vector storage, compute resources, and API usage. Key cost drivers include vector database queries, embedding generation, and LLM inference.

RAG Cost Calculator is a free tool that quickly estimates the cost of building a RAG pipeline, including chunking, embedding, vector storage/search, and LLM generation. It also helps you identify cost-saving opportunities and achieve up to 10x cost reduction on vector databases with the serverless option.

Calculate your RAG cost now.

Calculate your RAG cost

What Have You Learned?

By diving into this tutorial, you’ve unlocked the magic of building a powerful RAG system from the ground up! You learned how LangChain acts as the glue, elegantly orchestrating workflows to connect your data, models, and logic. With Zilliz Cloud as your vector database powerhouse, you saw firsthand how lightning-fast similarity searches can retrieve context-rich information from massive datasets. The Nomic Embed model transformed your raw text into expressive embeddings, capturing meaning in a way machines understand, while Google Vertex AI’s Claude 3.7 Sonnet—a cutting-edge LLM—brought human-like reasoning to generate thoughtful, accurate responses. Together, these tools formed a seamless pipeline: ingesting data, retrieving context, and synthesizing answers that feel both intelligent and grounded. You even discovered pro tips for optimizing performance, like tuning chunk sizes and balancing cost-efficiency with precision, plus a free RAG cost calculator to keep your projects budget-friendly!

But this is just the beginning! You’re now equipped to build smarter applications—chatbots that actually understand context, search engines that anticipate needs, or AI assistants that feel like collaborators. The tools you’ve mastered are your launchpad. Experiment with different embedding models, tweak retrieval strategies, or layer in domain-specific data to make your RAG system uniquely yours. Remember, every iteration brings you closer to creating something extraordinary. So go ahead—fire up your IDE, play with the code, and let your creativity run wild. The future of AI-powered applications is in your hands, and you’ve got everything you need to shape it. Let’s build, optimize, and innovate. Your next breakthrough is just a few lines of code away! 🚀

Further Resources

🌟 In addition to this RAG tutorial, unleash your full potential with these incredible resources to level up your RAG skills.

How to Build a Multimodal RAG | Documentation
How to Enhance the Performance of Your RAG Pipeline
Graph RAG with Milvus | Documentation
How to Evaluate RAG Applications - Zilliz Learn
Generative AI Resource Hub | Zilliz

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