Robots use sensors to understand their environment and make decisions about how to navigate and execute tasks. Sensors gather real-time data about the surroundings, which the robot processes to determine its position, identify obstacles, and plan movements. Common types of sensors include cameras, ultrasonic sensors, LIDAR, and infrared sensors, each providing different types of information. For instance, cameras can capture detailed images and help robots recognize objects, while ultrasonic sensors measure distance by emitting sound waves and assessing the time it takes for them to return.
When a robot needs to navigate a space, it typically starts by mapping the environment. For example, a robot equipped with LIDAR will create a 2D or 3D map by rotating a laser scanner to measure distances to various surfaces around it. This mapping helps the robot identify navigable paths and avoid obstacles. Additionally, robots often use odometry, which combines data from wheel encoders to estimate their movements and positions over time. This combination of mapping and movement tracking allows robots to move efficiently in dynamic and complex environments.
For task execution, sensors play a crucial role as well. For example, industrial robots use tactile sensors to grasp objects more securely. In a manufacturing setting, if a robot is tasked with picking and placing components, it will use vision sensors to locate the objects, while tactile sensors ensure the grip is firm enough to avoid dropping parts. Data from these sensors inform the robot's actions, ensuring it performs tasks accurately. By integrating information from various sensors, robots can navigate, avoid obstacles, and accomplish tasks effectively in a wide range of applications.